Effects of intra-articular administration of hyaluronic acid or platelet-rich plasma as a complementary treatment to arthroscopy in horses with osteochondritis dissecans.

Although arthroscopy is the treatment of choice for horses with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), it is not yet known whether intra-articular therapies in the postoperative period can bring any benefit to the recovery of these animals. This study evaluated the effects of the intra-articular application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), hyaluronic acid (HA) or lactated Ringer's solution (LR) in horses with OCD undergoing arthroscopy. Eighteen male and female Brazilian Sport horses aged between 2 and 6 years were evaluated. All animals presented OCD fragments in the middle crest of the tibia. Ten days after surgery, animals were randomly distributed into three groups and received intra-articular application of PRP (n = 6), HA (n = 6), or LR (control group, n = 6). Clinical, radiographic, ultrasound and synovial fluid evaluations were performed on the day of surgery and after 10, 30 and 60 days. An increase in the thickness of the joint capsule was observed 30 days after surgery in the three groups evaluated. In the control group, there was significant improvement in the flexion test 30 and 60 days after surgery, and in the PRP group, there was worsening of this parameter in the same evaluations. In the control group, there was a reduction in the degree of synovial effusion, and in the PRP and HA groups, there was increased effusion. There was a significant increase in the number of leukocytes in the HA group. Intra-articular use of PRP or HA ten days after arthroscopy did not promote positive effects on the recovery of horses with OCD.

Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion in Standing and Recumbent Horses: A Comparative Radiographic Study.

Although pharmacokinetic studies of drugs administered by intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) to treat equine orthopedic infections suggest efficient drug distribution in the limbs, it remains unclear whether drug perfusion is affected by the position of the horse during the procedure. This study compared the perfusion of a radiopaque contrast into tissues of the extremities of horses maintained in standing and recumbent positions during an IRLP. Radiopaque contrast was administered through IRLP into the cephalic vein of 10 healthy adult horses under general anesthesia and right lateral recumbency (RG) or under sedation and standing (SG). The same animals were used in both groups, respecting a two-week washout period. Sequential radiographic images were performed immediately at the beginning of contrast administration (T0) and after 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes. Tourniquets were removed after 30 minutes. The time required for the contrast to reach the hooves was compared between groups. Contrast reached the hooves faster in SG (114 ± 15 seconds) compared with RG (236 ± 29 seconds) (P < 0.5). SG showed more uniform perfusion of the limb vessels, whereas RG showed more deposition of the contrast in the lateral digital vein, with smaller amounts reaching the hooves. From T10 onward, soft tissue radiopacity increased, albeit more markedly in standing than in recumbent animals, remaining until T50. Contrast radiography evidenced that IRLP performed in standing position leads to a quicker and more uniform perfusion of the vasculature and a more noticeable diffusion to the tissues than in recumbent horses.

Correlation Between Peritonitis and Incisional Infections in Horses.

Surgical site infection of abdominal incisions is an important complication after laparotomy with increased risk of incisional hernia formation in horses. This study aims to evaluate the healing process of abdominal incisions and correlate peritonitis with the occurrence of surgical site infection and incisional hernias. Nine horses underwent standardized laparotomy, intestinal exploration, and induced septic peritonitis. Standardized relaparotomy was performed two (n = 3), four (n = 3), and six (n = 3) months later to evaluate the abdominal cavity for adhesions and to collect the sutured ventral abdominal wall to evaluate and prepare it for histopathological and tensile strength study. All horses presented with endotoxemia, controllable peritonitis, heat and touch-sensitive ventral abdominal edema and surgical wound infection with presence of purulent discharge. Adhesion of the cecum or colon to the internal portion of the surgical wound was observed. Healing of the infected surgical wounds occurred by second intention and a space between the rectus abdominis muscles developed because of the presence of a scar, which was related to incisional hernia. In the histopathological evaluation, the collagen content increased, and the inflammation decreased over time. The tensile strength increased over time and was highest after 6 months. After the second surgical intervention, there was no infection of the surgical wound in any of the animals and healing by first intention occurred. Surgical site infection may be a symptom of peritonitis in horses recovering from abdominal surgery. Infected surgical wounds heal by second intention, which favors the spacing of rectus abdominis muscle and the formation of incisional hernia.

In Vitro Induction of Pluripotency from Equine Fibroblasts in 20% or 5% Oxygen.

The cellular reprogramming into pluripotency is influenced by external and internal cellular factors, such as in vitro culture conditions (e.g., environmental oxygen concentration), and the aging process. Herein, we aimed to generate and maintain equine iPSCs (eiPSCs) derived from fibroblasts of a horse older than 20 years and to evaluate the effect of different levels of oxygen tension (atmospheric 20% O2, 5% O2, or 20% to 5% O2) on these cells. Fibroblasts were reprogrammed, and putative eiPSCs were positive for positive alkaline phosphatase detection; they were positive for pluripotency-related genes OCT4, REX1, and NANOG; immunofluorescence-positive staining was presented for OCT4 and NANOG (all groups), SOX2 (groups 5% O2 and 20% to 5% O2), and TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, and SSEA-1 (only in 20% O2); they formed embryoid bodies; and there is spontaneous differentiation in mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm embryonic germ layers. In addition to the differences in immunofluorescence analysis results, the eiPSC colonies generated at 20% O2 presented a more compact morphology with a well-defined border than cells cultured in 5% O2 and 20% to 5% O2. Significant differences were also observed in the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism, mitochondrial fission, and hypoxia (GAPDH, GLUT3, MFN1, HIF1α, and HIF2α), after reprogramming. Our results show that the derivation of eiPSCs was not impaired by aging. Additionally, this study is the first to compare high and low oxygen cultures of eiPSCs, showing the generation of pluripotent cells with different profiles. Under the tested conditions, the lower oxygen tension did not favor the pluripotency of eiPSCs. This study shows that the impact of oxygen atmosphere has to be considered when culturing eiPSCs, as this condition influences the pluripotency characteristics.

Welfare and locomotor system disorders in active draft horses (cart horses) / Bem-estar e afecções do aparelho locomotor de equinos de tração (carroceiros) em atividade

Horses performing tasks is a common scene in urban centers, evidenced by the significant number of animals pulling carts along the streets (cart horses). Despite the rising concern of the population for animal welfare, as well as the creation of laws that prohibit traction activity in several Brazilian municipalities, these attitudes must be based on the impact of such activity on equine health. Locomotor system disorders are commonly observed in animals of this species, and become even more frequent when they are submitted to unhealthy working conditions. In this context, we conducted a survey on locomotor system disorders in 11 active draft horses. To this end, we performed lameness assessments and radiographic and ultrasound examinations. Information on management regarding the horses' hooves, type of harness used, and type of work performed was also obtained through the application of questionnaires to the owners. The collected data showed that, although most of the animals in the study presented critical orthopedic conditions, they were not treated and the horses did not rest for adequate time. We observed that the disorders, which are often chronic, may be directly associated with incorrect management of the animals. We emphasize the importance to disseminate information that values the welfare of traction animals in order to tackle mistreatment.(AU)

Cavalos desempenhando tarefas para o homem é ainda uma cena marcante nos centros urbanos, evidenciada pela grande quantidade de animais que tracionam carroças pelas ruas (carroceiros). Apesar da crescente preocupação da população com o bem estar animal, assim como a criação de leis que proíbem a atividade de tração em diversos municípios brasileiros, é imprescindível que estas atitudes estejam embasadas no impacto de tal atividade sobre a saúde dos equinos. Nesta espécie, afecções do aparelho locomotor são comuns, tornando-se ainda mais frequentes quando os animais são submetidos a condições insalubres de trabalho. Por conseguinte, este estudo promoveu um levantamento das afecções que acometem o aparelho locomotor de 11 equinos de tração em atividade, por meio de exames de claudicação, radiográficos e ultrassonográficos. Informações sobre manejo realizado pelos proprietários quanto aos cascos de seus animais, tipos de arreios utilizados e tipo de trabalho ao qual eram submetidos foram obtidas através de questionários. Verificou-se ao relacionar dados coletados, que a maioria dos animais do estudo apresentava afecções ortopédicas importantes, e que, entretanto, não eram tratados ou mantidos em repouso por tempo adequado. Observou-se que as afecções encontradas, muitas vezes crônicas, podem ter relação direta com o manejo incorreto dos animais, e ressalta-se a importância da disseminação de informações que prezem pelo bem estar do animal de carroça, a fim de combater maus tratos nesta categoria animal.(AU)

Behaviour of diferent types of chitosan membranes implanted in horses / Comportamento de diferentes tipos de membranas de quitosana implantadas em equinos

Chitosan has been successfully used as a biomaterial with several purposes in many species. In this study, chitosan membranes were produced with six different types of materials, and their behavior were evaluated upon implantation in the subcutaneous tissue of the flank of twelve healthy horses. We assessed chitosan membranes obtained from commercial chitosan, impregnated or not with silver nanoparticles, sterilized with ethylene oxide (CCEO, n=3; CCSNEO, n=3) or by ultraviolet radiation (CCUR, n=3; CCSNUR, n=3), and chitosan membranes obtained from squid gladius, sterilized with ethylene oxide (SCEO, n=6) or by ultraviolet radiation (SCUR, n=6). The same animals were randomly used in two experimental groups, with a minimum interval of 60 days between procedures, respecting the fact of only one flank side, left or right, be under evaluation by experimental period. After preparation of the membranes and implantation in the flank subcutaneous tissue of the horses, macroscopic and ultrasonographic evaluations of the implant regions were performed, as well as physical examination, blood count and fibrinogen measurement. No clinical or laboratory abnormalities were observed. All animals that received commercial chitosan membranes, regardless of the preparation technique, showed rejection to the biomaterials, considering that 100% of the surgical wounds presented dehiscence of suture and expulsion of the implants. The animals that received squid gladius chitosan membranes showed success in the treatment, with healing by primary intention of the surgical wound. We conclude that squid gladius chitosan membranes are biocompatible and biodegradable when implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of the flank of healthy horses.(AU)

A quitosana tem sido utilizada, com sucesso, como biomaterial para diversas espécies e finalidades. Neste estudo foi avaliada a confecção de membranas de quitosana, produzidas a partir de seis tipos de materiais diferentes e foi estudado seu comportamento quando implantadas no tecido subcutâneo do flanco de doze equinos sadios. Foram avaliadas membranas de quitosana obtidas de quitosana comercial, impregnadas ou não com nanopartículas de prata, esterilizadas com óxido de etileno (QCOE, n=3; QCNPOE, n=3) ou por radiação ultravioleta (QCRU, n=3; QCNPRU, n=3) e membranas de quitosana obtidas do gládio de lula, esterilizadas com óxido de etileno (GLOE, n=6) ou por radiação ultravioleta (GLRU, n=6). Os mesmos animais foram utilizados em dois grupos experimentais, de forma aleatória, com um intervalo mínimo de sessenta dias entre os procedimentos, respeitando-se o fato de apenas um lado do flanco, esquerdo ou direito, estar em avaliação por período experimental. Após preparo das membranas e implantação no tecido subcutâneo do flanco dos equinos, foram realizadas avaliações macroscópicas e ultrassonográficas das regiões de implante, além de exames físicos, hemogramas e fibrinogênio. Não foram observadas alterações clínicas e laboratoriais. Todos os animais que receberam membranas de quitosana comercial, independente da técnica de preparo, demonstraram rejeição dos biomateriais, uma vez que 100% das feridas cirúrgicas apresentaram deiscência da sutura e expulsão dos implantes. Os animais que receberam as membranas de quitosana de gladio de lula demonstraram sucesso no tratamento, com cicatrização das feridas cirúrgicas por primeira intenção. Conclui-se que membranas de quitosana de gládio de lula são biocompatíveis e biodegradáveis, quando implantadas no tecido subcutâneo do flanco de equinos sadios.(AU)

Aspecto morfológico da interface entre o compósito, constituído de quitosana e polimetilmetacrilato, e a falha óssea de tíbia de coelhos / Morphological aspect of the interface between the composite, made of chitosan and polymethylmethacrylate, and bone failure of the rabbit tibia

As afecções ortopédicas com perda de tecido ósseo são um desafio não só na medicina veterinária mas também na medicina humana. Analisou a interface entre compósito, constituído de esferas de quitosana e polimetilmetacrilato em falha óssea (leito receptor) de tíbia de coelhos, por meio de técnica radiológica, avaliação macroscópica e pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura, em diferentes tempos. Foram utilizados 12 coelhos adultos da raça Nova Zelândia, divididos em quatro Grupos Experimentais (E1, n=3; E2, n=3; E3, n=3 e E4, n=3), que tiveram as falhas ósseas das tibiais direitas preenchidas com compósito, e avaliadas no pós-operatório imediato, aos 30, 60 e 90 e 120 dias. Dos compósitos implantados nas tíbias de coelhos, apenas dois permaneceram em seus leitos receptores, enquanto que os demais se encontravam encapsulados no tecido subcutâneo. As esferas de quitosana, presentes nas superfícies dos biomateriais implantados, que mantiveram contato direto com o leito receptor de tíbias de coelhos apresentavam-se preservadas e não integraram ao tecido ósseo. Diante disso, para melhor compreensão do comportamento da quitosana como substituto ósseo, novas pesquisas serão necessárias.(AU)

Orthopedic diseases with bone loss are challenging in both veterinary and human medicine. The aim of this investigation was to analyze and compare the reactions at the interface between the composite, made of chitosan and polymethylmethacrylate, and the bone defect (receptor site) of the rabbits tibia through radiological and microscopic techniques and by scanning electron microscopy, in different periods. Twelve adult New Zealand rabbits were divided into four experimental groups (E1, n=3; E2, n=3; E3, n=3 and E4, n=3), which had the right tibial bone defects filled with the composite, and evaluated in the immediate postoperative, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Composite implanted in the tibia of rabbits, only two remained in their beds receivers, while the remaining were encapsulated in the subcutaneous tissue. Spheres of chitosan present in the biomaterial that has been deployed and were in direct contact with the bone defect, were preserved, however, were not integrated into the bone tissue. Therefore, to understand the behavior of chitosan as a bone substitute, further research is needed.(AU)

Evaluation of potential changes in liver and lung tissue of rats in an ischemia-reperfusion injury model (modified pringle maneuver).

In surgical procedures involving the liver, such as transplantation, resection, and trauma, a temporary occlusion of hepatic vessels may be required. This study was designed to analyze the lesions promoted by ischemia and reperfusion injury of the hepatic pedicle, in the liver and lung, using histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques. In total, 39 Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group (C n = 3) and ischemia groups subjected to 10, 20, and 30 minutes of hepatic pedicle clamping (I10, n = 12; I20, n = 12; I30, n = 12). Each ischemia group was subdivided into four subgroups of reperfusion (R15, n = 3; R30, n = 3; R60, n = 3; R120, n = 3), after 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of reperfusion, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the liver parenchyma (P < 0.05) between the values of microvesicles and hydropic degeneration at different times of ischemia and reperfusion. However, the values of vascular congestion, necrosis, and pyknotic nuclei showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). In the lung parenchyma, a significant difference was observed (P < 0.05) between the values of alveolar septal wall thickening and inflammatory infiltration at different times of ischemia and reperfusion. However, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) between the values of vascular congestion, bronchial epithelial degeneration, interstitial edema, and hemorrhage. The positive immunoreactivity of caspase-3 protein in the liver parenchyma (indication of ongoing apoptosis), showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) at different times of ischemia and reperfusion. In the pulmonary parenchyma, the immunoreactivity was not specific, and was not quantified. This study demonstrated that the longer the duration of ischemia and reperfusion, the greater are the morphological lesions found in the hepatic and pulmonary parenchyma.

Estudo comparativo da resistência mecânica da força de compressão entre biomateriais naturais, sintéticos e mistos / Comparative study of mechanical strength of compression between natural, synthetic and mixed biomaterials

As afecções ortopédicas com perda de tecido ósseo são um desafio tanto na medicina veterinária quanto na medicina humana. Portanto, não é raro ortopedistas se depararem com fraturas cominutivas irredutíveis de ossos longos, neoplasias ósseas ou não-uniões, que necessitam de procedimentos cirúrgicos reparadores, por meio da substituição de segmento ou preenchimento de falha óssea com o uso de biomateriais. Pretende-se com esta pesquisa avaliar e comparar a resistência mecânica entre biomateriais naturais, sintéticos e mistos. Foram utilizados sete grupos experimentais compostos por seis corpos de provas cada: Grupo 1 , tecido ósseo cortical de coelho (OSSO - controle); Grupo 2, cimento ósseo (CO); Grupo 3, cimento ósseo autoclavado (COA); Grupo 4, cimento ósseo e macrofragmento ósseo cortical de cão (COMaFO); Grupo 5, cimento ósseo e macrofragmento ósseo autoclavado de cortical de cão (COMaFOA); Grupo 6, cimento ósseo e microfragmento ósseo cortical de cão (COMiFO) e Grupo 7, cimento ósseo e microfragmento ósseo cortical de cão (COMiFOA). Os corpos de prova foram submetidos a ensaios mecânicos de compressão axial controlada em máquina universal de ensaio Emic®. O teste era interrompido quando ocorria queda brusca na curva do gráfico indicando falência da amostra. Em relação à Força máxima, os grupos COA, COMaFOA e COMiFOA não diferiram estatisticamente do grupo controle (OSSO; p>0,01). Já os grupos CO, COMaFO e COMiFO diferiram estatisticamente do grupo controle (OSSO; p<0,01). Quanto a rigidez relativa, os grupos COMaFOA e COMiFOA não diferiram estatisticamente do grupo controle (OSSO; p>0,01). Já os grupos CO, COA, COMaFO e COMiFO diferiram estatisticamente do grupo controle (OSSO; p<0,01). Comparando a deformação, os grupos COMaFo, COMaFOA e COMiFO não diferiram estatisticamente do grupo controle (OSSO; p>0,01). Já os grupos CO, COA e COMiFOA diferiram estatisticamente do grupo controle (OSSO; p<0,01). Conclui-se que apenas os grupos COMaFOA e COMiFOA apresentaram propriedades mecânicas muito semelhantes às do grupo controle (OSSO). Por isso, devido a essas características, esses dois biomateriais (COMaFOA e COMiFOA) seriam os mais indicados como substitutos na reparação de falhas ósseas.(AU)

The orthopedic diseases with bone loss are the challenge in both veterinary and human medicine. Therefore, the orthopedist commonly deal with irreducible comminuted fractures of long bones, bone tumors or non-unions, which require repairers surgical procedures, through the segment replacement or bone defect filling with biomaterials. The aim of this research is to evaluate and compare the mechanical strength of natural, synthetic and mixed biomaterials. Seven experimental groups of six test samples each were used: Group 1 rabbit cortical bone (BONE - control); Group 2, bone cement (CO); Group 3, bone cement autoclaved (COA); Group 4, bone cement and dog cortical bone macrofragment (COMaFO); Group 5, bone cement and bone autoclaved macrofragment dog cortical (COMaFOA); Group 6, bone cement and dog cortical bone microfragment (COMIFO) and Group 7, bone cement and dog cortical bone microfragment (COMiFOA). The specimens were subjected to axial compression mechanical tests controlled universal testing machine EMIC®. The test was stopped when there was sharp decline in the graph curve indicating failure of the sample. In relation to the maximum force, the COA groups COMaFOA and COMiFOA not statistically different from the control group (BONE; p> 0.01). Already the CO groups, COMaFO and COMIFO difeririram statistically the control group (BONE; p <0.01). The relative rigidity, the COMaFOA and COMiFOA groups did not differ statistically from the control group (BONE; p>0.01). Already the CO groups, COA, COMaFO and COMIFO differed significantly from the control group (BONE; p<0.01). Comparing the deformation, the COMaFo groups COMaFOA and COMIFO not statistically different from the control group (BONE; p>0.01). Already the CO groups, COA and COMiFOA differed significantly from the control group (BONE; p<0.01). It is concluded that only COMaFOA and COMiFOA groups showed very similar mechanical properties to the control group (BONE). Therefore, due to these characteristics, these two biomaterials (COMaFOA e COMiFOA) would be the most suitable as a substitute in the repair of bone defects.(AU)

Investigação clínica e comparação do esfregaço sanguíneo e PCR para diagnóstico de hemoparasitas em equinos de esporte e tração (carroceiros) / Clinical investigation and comparison of blood smear and PCR to diagnose haemoparasites in Sports Horses and Traction Horses (Cart Horses)

Na clínica médica de equinos, explora-se o perfil hematológico do animal, geralmente, com a finalidade de encontrar alterações que não foram constatadas ao exame clínico. A pesquisa de hematozoários em equinos, muitas vezes, apresenta resultados conflitantes entre o quadro clínico apresentado pelo animal e o resultado laboratorial, levantando a hipótese de que a técnica de pesquisa de hematozoários seja a responsável por falhas diagnósticas. Este estudo visa comparar os valores obtidos em exames hematológicos de 15 equinos de esporte e 15 equinos de tração (carroceiros), levando-se em consideração diferenças como características nutricionais, estado de higidez e tipo de atividade realizada, e comparar as diferentes técnicas de pesquisa de hematozoários, como esfregaço sanguíneo e PCR. Verificou-se que apenas os equinos de tração apresentaram valores médios de hemácias, hematócrito e hemoglobina abaixo do considerado fisiológico para a espécie, embora 100% dos animais, de ambos os grupos experimentais, tenham sido considerados positivos para hemoparasitoses por PCR. Verifica-se a superioridade do método de pesquisa de hemoparasitas por PCR, em comparação com esfregaço sanguíneo, realizado por diferentes técnicas, visto que apenas 33,3% dos animais foram considerados positivos para Theileria equi por esta técnica, enquanto que o PCR revelou 100% de positividade, para Theileria equi, Babesia caballi e infecção mista. Nenhum dos animais estudados foi diagnosticado com Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ehrlichia equi) e Ehrlichia risticcii (Neoricketsia risticii). Verifica-se, então, que muitos dos diagnósticos de ausência de hemoparasitose por exame hematológico e ou esfregaço sanguíneo são errôneos, devido à baixa sensibilidade da técnica e podem repercutir em falha no tratamento ou disseminação dos hemoparasitos e das hemoparasitoses. Ressalta-se, então, a importância de exames como o PCR na elaboração de diagnóstico definitivo.(AU)

The blood profile is usually explored in equine medicine to find changes not detected through clinical examination. The haematozoa search in horses, often presents conflicting results between the clinical picture presented by the animal and the laboratory result, raising the hypothesis that the hematozoa search technique is responsible for diagnostic failures. Thus, this study aims to compare the values obtained from blood tests in 15 sports horses and 15 traction horses (cart horses), taking into account differences such as nutritional characteristics, state of health and type of activity performed, and to compare the different techniques with hematozoa search, as blood smear and PCR. It was found that only the traction horses showed mean values of red blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin below the considered physiological for the species, although 100% of the animals of both experimental groups were considered positive for hemoparasitoses by PCR. It was verified the superiority of hemoparasites search method by PCR, compared with blood smear performed by different techniques, since only 33.3% of the horses were considered positive for Theileria equi by this technique, while the PCR showed 100% positive for Theileria equi, Babesia caballi and mixed infection. None of the animals studied was diagnosed with Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ehrlichia equi) and Ehrlichia risticcii (Neoricketsia risticii). It is shown that many cases of hemoparasitosis absence of diagnostic by hematological exams and or blood smears are erroneous due to the low sensitivity of the technique and may impact on treatment failure or spread of blood parasites and hemoparasitoses. It is noteworthy to stres the importance of tests such as PCR for the definitive diagnosis.(AU)

Congenital malformations caused by Stryphnodendron fissuratum (Leg. Mimosoideae) in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of Stryphnodendron fissuratum pods in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and test the hypothesis that this plant has teratogenic effects. Thus, sixteen guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups of four animals each. Groups 10, 20 and 40 consisted of guinea pigs that received commercial food that contained crushed pods of S. fissuratum at concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 g/kg, respectively, during the period of organogenesis. Control group consisted of guinea pigs under the same management conditions that did not receive crushed pods of S. fissuratum in their food. In all experimental groups, the main clinical signs of poisoning consisted of anorexia, prostration, absence of vocalizations, alopecia, diarrhea, and abortions within the adult guinea pigs. Those that did not abort gave birth to weak, malnourished pups, some of which had fetal malformations. The main teratogenic changes consisted of eventration, arthrogryposis, amelia of the forelimbs, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, anotia and agnathia. The reductions in the number of offspring and the malformations observed in the experimental groups suggest that S. fissuratum affects fetal development and is teratogenic.

Evaluation of intravenous regional perfusion with amphotericin B and dimethylsulfoxide to treat horses for pythiosis of a limb.

BACKGROUND: Treatment for horses with pythiosis of a limb is challenging. This study aims to evaluate the effects of administering amphotericin B in a 10 % solution of dimethylsulfoxide by intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) to treat horses for cutaneous pythiosis of a limb. RESULTS: All 15 of the horses treated had complete resolutions of their lesion between 6 to 9 weeks after a single IRLP treatment. No complications were observed at the site of venipuncture for IRLP. Before initiation of treatment, there was anemia and marked leucocytosis which resolved following treatment. Serum biochemistry showed no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: IRLP administration of amphotericin B in a 10 % DMSO solution was easily performed, relatively inexpensive and an effective treatment for treating horses for pythiosis of a limb and resolved the infection with no complications.

Physiological and analgesic effects of continuous-rate infusion of morphine, butorphanol, tramadol or methadone in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced carpal synovitis.

BACKGROUND: Continuous-rate infusion (CRI) of drugs results in more stable plasma drug concentrations than administration of intermittent boluses, thus providing greater stability of physiological parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiologic and analgesic effects of the administration of morphine, butorphanol, tramadol or methadone by CRI in horses with induced synovitis of the radiocarpal joint. RESULTS: Increased values of cardiorespiratory parameters and body temperature were observed in all groups after initiation of opioid administration, and these increases were sustained throughout the CRI period. Morphine, butorphanol and methadone each caused a reduction in gut sounds, and this effect was greatest in animals that received morphine. Administration of morphine or methadone reduced the degree of lameness after the end of intravenous infusion. Administration of tramadol did not alter the degree of lameness in the animals. CONCLUSIONS: CRI of morphine or methadone, but not butorphanol or tramadol, provided analgesia in horses with carpal synovitis. All of these opioids increased cardiovascular and respiratory parameters and reduced gut sounds during CRI.

Sodium bicarbonate as prevention of metabolic acidosis in sheep submitted to experimental ruminal acidosis / Bicarbonato de sódio como preventivo da acidose metabólica em ovinos submetidos à acidose ruminal experimental

The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effect of sodium bicarbonate on systemic acidosis due to ruminal acidosis, which was induced by ingestion of concentrate after prolonged fasting. Fourteen sheep were divided into three experimental groups: control group (Cg), with four sheep, submitted to fasting without development of ruminal acidosis; no-treated group (NTg), with five sheep with rumen acidosis without preventive treatment; and treated group (Tg), with five sheep with rumen acidosis and preventively treated with sodium bicarbonate. Assessments of ruminal pH and arterial hemogasometry were performed for 48 hours after ingestion of the concentrate. There was a reduction in the ruminal pH in all groups, whereas the Cg showed a reduction only after 24 hours. A reduction in the arterial pH, bicarbonate and base excess in all groups was also noted, indicating systemic metabolic acidosis, but the NTg presented the greatest alteration. It is concluded that sodium bicarbonate prevents systemic metabolic acidosis, reducing its severity in sheep subjected to ruminal acidosis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito preventivo do bicarbonato de sódio sobre a acidose sistêmica em decorrência da acidose ruminal, a qual foi induzida pelo fornecimento de concentrado após jejum prolongado. Foram utilizados 14 ovinos, divididos em três grupos experimentais: grupo controle (Cg), contendo quatro ovinos, submetidos a jejum sem desenvolvimento de acidose ruminal; grupo não tratado (NTg), contendo cinco ovinos submetidos a acidose ruminal sem tratamento preventivo; e grupo tratado (Tg), contendo cinco ovinos, submetidos a acidose ruminal e tratados preventivamente com bicarbonato de sódio. Foram realizadas avaliações do pH ruminal e hemogasometria arterial, durante 48 horas após o fornecimento do concentrado. Houve redução do pH ruminal em todos os grupos, sendo que o Cg apresentou a redução apenas às 24 horas. Notou-se redução do pH arterial, bicarbonato e excesso de base em todos os grupos, indicando acidose metabólica sistêmica; no entanto, o NTg apresentou o quadro mais grave. Conclui-se que o bicarbonato de sódio possui efeito preventivo da acidose metabólica sistêmica, reduzindo a sua gravidade em ovinos submetidos à acidose ruminal.(AU)

Aspecto radiológico e macroscópico de matriz óssea mineralizada heteróloga fragmentada e polimetilmetacrilato autoclavados em falha óssea de tíbia de coelho / Radiological and macroscopic aspects of autoclaved heterologous fragmented mineralized bone matrix and polymethylmethacrylate in bone defect in tibia of rabbits

Foi realizada falha segmentar com 6mm de diâmetro na região metafisária medial de tíbias de 12 coelhos, onde foi implantado uma associação de micro e macrofragmentos de matriz óssea cortical heteróloga fragmentada conservada em glicerina (98%) e polimetilmetacrilato autoclavados, para a sua reconstrução, e avaliados radiológica e macroscopicamente aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. Houve adesão, em relação ao tempo, dos micro e macrocompósitos ao leito receptor, em 100% dos casos, mostrando ser biologicamente biocompatível, pois promoveram a reparação de falhas ósseas, sem sinais de infecção, migração e/ou rejeição, podendo, dessa forma, ser mais uma opção como substituto para preencher grandes defeitos ósseos.

A segmental defect of 6mm diameter was performed in the medial metaphyseal region of the tibia of 12 rabbits. For the bone defect reconstruction there was implanted a combination of micro and macro fragments of heterologous fragmented cortical bone matrix preserved in glycerin (98%) and polymethylmethacrylate, both autoclaved. Radiological and macroscopic evaluation was performed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Adhesion in relation to time of the micro and macro composites to the recipient bed was observed in 100% of the cases. This showed that this implant is biologically biocompatible, since it promoted bone defects repair, with no signs of infection, migration and/or rejection. In this way, this implant can be classified as one more option of substitute to fill large bone defects.

Avaliação morfológica e por imagem radiográfica da matriz óssea mineralizada heteróloga fragmentada e metilmetacrilato, preservados em glicerina para reparação de falhas ósseas em tíbias de coelhos / Morphological evaluation and radiographic image of fragmented heterolog mineralized bone matrix and methylmethacrylate preserved in glycerin to repair osseous defects in tibias of rabbits

Os traumas que resultam em fraturas ósseas, principalmente as cominutivas, têm uma importância muito grande na rotina clínico-cirúrgica veterinária e humana. Foi realizada falha segmentar de 6mm na região metafisária medial da tíbia esquerda de 12 coelhos, a qual foi preenchida com implante constituído de matriz óssea mineralizada heteróloga fragmentada e metilmetacrilato, preservados em glicerina (98%) para a sua reconstrução. Foi realizada avaliação morfológica e radiológica aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias e observou-se a incorporação do implante ao leito receptor, em 100% dos casos, mostrando ser biologicamente compatível, pois promoveu a reparação das falhas ósseas, sem sinais de infecção, migração e/ou rejeição, sendo uma opção de substituto para preencher defeitos ósseos.

The traumas that result in bone fractures, especially comminuted, have high importance in veterinary and human surgical routine. A 6mm of segmental defect was performed at the medial metaphyseal region of the left tibia of 12 rabbits and an association of fragmented heterologue mineralized bone matrix and methylmethacrylate conserved in glycerin (98%) was used as a graft to fill the bone defect. To evaluate the procedure morphological and radiological exams were performed after 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. There was gradual integration of the bone graft in the receptor bed in 100% of the cases showing that the material is biologically compatible as it promotes bone defect reparation without signs of infection, migration and/or rejection and can be considered one more option to be used as a substitute to fill bone defects.

Treatment of pythiosis in equine limbs using intravenous regional perfusion of amphotericin B.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) administration of amphotericin B in horses to treat pythiosis after surgical excision and thermocautery. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: Horses (n = 12) with Pythium insidiosum infection of the distal aspect of the thoracic or pelvic limbs. METHODS: After surgical excision of granulation tissue and thermocautery, 50 mg amphotericin B was administered by IRLP through a catheter placed in a superficial vein of the affected limb next to the lesion after placing a tourniquet above the injection site. The lesions and locomotor system were evaluated before treatment and at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 60 days. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of horses treated with amphotericin B had complete lesion resolution 35 or 60 days after 1 or 2 IRLP treatments, respectively. IRLP induced limb edema and pain during regional palpation in 42%, and inflammation of the injection site in 33% of horses; however these signs resolved after 14 days. CONCLUSIONS: IRLP administration of amphotericin B was effective for treating pythiosis in equine limbs, resolving infection with manageable side effects.

Alpha-mannosidosis in goats caused by the swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea verbascoidea.

A disease of the nervous system is reported in goats in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Histological examination showed diffuse vacuolation of neurons and epithelial cells of the pancreas, thyroid, renal tubules, and liver. The swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea verbascoidea was found on both farms where the goats originated. This plant was experimentally administered to 3 goats, inducing clinical signs and histologic lesions similar to those observed in spontaneous cases. On the lectin histochemical analysis, cerebellar cells and pancreatic acinar cells gave positive reactions to Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (WGA), succinylated Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (sWGA), Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin (ConA), Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA(120)), Arachis hypogaea agglutinin (PNA), and Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E) suggesting storage of α-fucose, α-D-mannose, α-D-glucose, ß-D-N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, and acetyl-neuraminic acid. This pattern of lectin staining partially agrees with results previously reported for poisoning by swainsonine-containing plants. The chemical analysis of dried leaves of I. verbascoidea detected swainsonine (0.017%), calystegine B(1) (0.16%), calystegine B(2) (0.05%), and calystegine C(1) (0.34%). It is concluded that I. verbascoidea causes α-mannosidosis in goats.

Febre catarral maligna em bovinos no Estado de Mato Grosso / Malignant catarrhal fever in cattle, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Relatam-se a ocorrência em quatro propriedades rurais no Estado de Mato Grosso, de casos de febre catarral maligna (FCM) em bovinos criados em contato com ovinos. Todos os casos acompanhados tiveram evolução aguda e não se notou a recuperação dos bovinos. Dois casos ocorreram no município de Cuiabá. No primeiro, em janeiro de 2006, adoeceram e morreram 8 animais de um rebanho com 148 bovinos, no outro, morreu 1 de um rebanho com 30 animais em setembro de 2006. Um terceiro caso foi notado no município de Rondonópolis, onde morreram 3 de 160 bovinos em abril de 2007. O último caso relatado ocorreu no município de Cáceres no mês de setembro de 2007, morrendo 2 de 450 bovinos. O curso clínico variou de 4 a 7 dias. Os principais sinais clínicos foram hipertermia, lacrimejamento intenso, corrimento catarral nasal e oral, opacidade de córnea, sialorréia, diarréia, erosão da mucosa oral, nasal e genital, incoordenação motora, depressão e morte. Aumento do volume de linfonodos, erosões e úlceras na cavidade oral, nasal e esôfago foram achados constantes em quatro bovinos necropsiados. Arterite com degeneração fibrinóide em arteríolas e pequenas artérias, a necrose do epitélio de revestimento em vários órgãos e tecidos foram os principais achados histológicos. Através da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase "nested" (nPCR), o DNA do Herpesvírus Ovino tipo 2 foi detectado em tecido parafinado ou congelado em 3 de 4 bovinos deste estudo.

Four outbreaks of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle, which had contact with sheep, in Mato Grosso, Brazil, are described. In all cases, the animals had a clinical course of 4 to 7 days with no recovery. Two outbreaks occurred in the municipality of Cuiabá, the first in January 2006 with 8 cattle affected from a herd of 148, and the second in one out of 30 cattle in September 2006. The third outbreak occurred in April 2007 in the municipality of Rondonópolis, where 3 cattle died in a herd of 160. The fourth outbreak was in the municipality of Caceres in September 2007, where 2 out of 450 cattle were affected. The clinical signs were hyperthermia, intense lacrimation, nasal and oral discharge, corneal opacity, sialorrhea, oral, nasal and genital mucosal erosions, incoordination, depression and death. Necropsy findings in 4 animals were similar and consisted of lymph node swelling, and nasal, oral and esophagus erosion and ulceration. Histologically, arteritis and fibrinoid degeneration was observed in small arteries and arterioles, associated with epithelial necrosis in various organs and tissues. A nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) detected ovine herpes virus type 2 in frozen and paraffin embedded tissues in 3 cases.

Comparative study of epidural xylazine or clonidine in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cardiorespiratory and behavioural effects of epidural xylazine (XYL) or clonidine (CLO) in horses. STUDY DESIGN: Blinded, randomized experimental study. ANIMALS: Twelve healthy Arabian yearling horses weighing 117-204 kg were randomly allocated into two groups: XYL (n = 6) and CLO (n = 6). METHODS: An epidural catheter was inserted and a facial arterial catheter was placed and the next day the horses were restrained in stocks. Baseline values for heart (HR) and respiratory (RR) rates, arterial pressure and behavioural responses were evaluated before (T0) and 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after epidural injection (T10-T120). The horses received 0.2 mg kg(-1) of XYL or 5 microg kg(-1) CLO; adjusted to (3.4 + (body weight in kg x 0.013) mL with saline. Data were analysed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-way anova with repeated measures, and one-way anova followed by a Student-Newman-Keuls test or Fisher's exact test, as necessary. Significance was set at p < or = 0.05. RESULTS: Sedation and ataxia were seen at T10, persisting until T120 in four and three horses, respectively, in XYL and all horses in CLO respectively. Two XYL and one CLO horses became recumbent at T45 and T25 respectively. Penile prolapse occurred in four of five males at T30 and T45, in the XYL and CLO groups, respectively, resolving by T120. Tail relaxation was present from T10 to T120 in all horses in XYL and in four horses in CLO. Head drop was observed from T20 to T60 and from T10 to T120 in XYL and CLO respectively. Respiratory rate decreased significantly only at T45 in the CLO group. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure remained stable. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Epidural CLO and XYL produce similar cardiorespiratory and behavioural changes but neither would be safe to use clinically at the doses used in this study.